DOUBLE REFRACTION
In amorphous substances, gases, and liquids, as well as in minerals crystallising in the cubic system, hght entering from the outside is refracted equally in all directions. In all other minerals the refracted light is broken into two rays vibrating at right angles and travelling at different velocities. These minerals are said to be doubly refracting or birefringent. Double refraction can be particularly well demonstrated with a rhombohedral cleavage-fragment of the clear variety of calcite called Iceland spar. In the case of most minerals, however, the property of double refraction can only be observed with optical instruments. A mineral can be identified by the extent of its double refraction, the direction of the two refracted rays within the crystal, as well as by its other optical properties. It is not surprising, therefore, that the examination of thin sections of transparent minerals and polished sections of opaque ore minerals with the petrographic microscope is one of the most important aspects of the science of mineralogy.
Double refraction
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